In this work, a Co-Fe-Ni catalyst was prepared and the effect of a range of operational variables such as gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), calcination temperature, calcination time and agent on its catalytic performance for green-fuels production was investigated. By application of different characterization techniques such as XRD, BET, TGA/DSC, and SEM, it was found that these parameters have great effects on the structure, porosity, morphology and physic-chemical properties of this catalyst. The optimum conditions were found for the samples which were calcined at 550 ℃ in air for 6 hours, and operated at 300 ℃ and 4800 h-1 as the reaction temperature and GHSV respectively. Results also revealed that any increase in the calcination temperature promotes the product shifting towards heavier hydrocarbons (more C5+ production). Calcination in air atmosphere was more effective than calcination in N2 atmosphere.

This work describes the simplest method of synthesis of a carbonized cobalt catalyst based on an available natural mineral, clay activated with nitric acid, which showed high selectivity and activity in HYDROGENATION of acetylene to ethylene. Metal catalysts with cobalt contents of 5 %-7 % in a bentonite clay carrier from the Tonkeris deposit were synthesised. The physicochemical properties were investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), IR-Fourier spectrometer. Products were analysed using a Chrom-3700 gas chromatograph and gas chromatography–, mass spectrometry (Agilent 7890A/5975C). The catalytic activities of the synthesised cobalt catalysts were investigated using an installation developed for the HYDROGENATION of acetylene to ethylene in a gaseous medium. Carbon nanofibers with diameters ranging from 57 to 400 nm were visible on cobalt catalyst samples. Selectivity of the modified cobalt-containing catalysts for HYDROGENATION ranged from 89. 62 % to 97 %. Ethylene conversions of 93. 58 % were achieved on 7 % Co/SiAl carbonized catalyst, at an optimum temperature of 140 °, C. Side reactions are activated when the temperature rises above 180 °, C, so the yield of ethylene is reduced.

A cobalt/ceria catalyst has been found to be receptive for production of lower olefins from synthesis gas by Fischer Tropsch synthesis, and shows high activity for bodouard reaction. The catalyst prepared in various ageing times (the time that precipitated remains in contact with the precipitating medium) resulted in a change in CO conversion and olefin selectivity. Catalysts were prepared in a 0 and 165 minute ageing time. These catalysts were tested at various temperatures and pressures in a stainless steel micro reactor. It was found that a catalyst with 165 minute ageing time was highly receptive to ethylene and methane.

We studied the reaction in which carbon monoxide is converted to hydrocarbons, and investigated the behaviors and the combination system of catalysts exchanged with platinum and ammonium ions. Experiments were conducted at 1. 2 MPa, 523K, and CO/H2=1 ratio. The structure and the texture of the catalysts, assessed by XRD, BET/BJH, and SEM, exhibited a microporosity for ZSM-5/11 and a micro/mesoporosity for AlMCM-41, which implies a direct effect on the catalytic properties of these materials. The conversions obtained were 60%, 55%, and 50% for Ptn+/H+-catalysts, Ptn+-catalysts, and H+-catalysts respectively. Such conversions could be attributed to the good acidity resulting from the simultaneous presence of Ptn+/H+ at different oxidation states of platinum, which was revealed by XANES PtLIII analysis, and their uniform dispersion within the inner surface and its grain size average conducted by the titration of adsorbed H2-O2. FTIR analysis showed a better distribution of acid sites for bi-exchanged catalysts over mono-exchanged ones, which resulted in a good catalytic activity. These results suggest a strong correlation between the high selectivity of light hydrocarbon products, the ions, and the catalyst types. These differences depended mainly on the facility of forming different products, such as n/iso-alkanes and alkenes. Skeletal isomerization was the main transformation observed on exchanged catalysts, particularly those with Ptn+/H+ ions. A deactivation process of catalysts, versus time-on-stream, begins after 70 minutes, especially for combined exchanged materials.

The study examined the potential use of MIL-53(Al), a metal-organic compound created through solvothermal synthesis, as a support for iron catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS). Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a crucial aspect of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology used in the petrochemical industry to produce light olefins. The catalyst's activity was assessed under specific conditions, including a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 2700 h-1, a hydrogen to carbon monoxide (H2/CO) feed ratio of 2:1, temperatures ranging from 310 to 330 ℃, and pressures ranging from 5 to 9 bar. The feasibility study indicated that MIL-53(Al) has the potential to be a suitable support for iron catalysts in FTS, resulting in the production of light olefins (24%) at high temperatures and low pressure.

A co-impregnation method was applied to the Ni/Zr-HMS/HZSM-5 catalyst (with various amounts of zirconium) during the HYDROGENATION of benzene. The physicochemical properties of the prepared nickel catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, H2 chemisorption, N2 adsorption-desorption, and thermogravimetric analysis. The catalytic performance was assessed on a fixed-bed reactor (reaction temperature between 130 ° C and 190 ° C). The results indicated that the nickel catalyst with Si/Zr = 35 exhibited better catalytic performance and stability than others, so providing a better selectivity in a long-term performance.

Promoted and unpromoted iron-based catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were prepared by the impregnation method. The composition of the final iron catalysts, regarding to the atomic ratio is as follow 20%Fe/-Al2O3, 20%Fe/5%Cu/3%Zr/-Al2O3. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and BET techniques. The catalyst activity and product selectivity were studied in a fixed bed reactor under 20 bar of pressure, H2/CO = 1, in the temperature (270, 285, and 300 °C) and GHSV range of (2, 4, and 6 l.h-1.gcat-1). Then, the effect of temperature, GHSV and promoters (Cu and Zr) on the catalyst performance were investigated. Increasing the temperatures and GHSV were change CO conversion and product selectivity. The promoted iron-based catalysts have higher C5+ selectivity than the unpromoted catalyst, while C2-C4 selectivity decreased because of simultaneous use of Cu and Zr for promoting the iron catalyst. The Zr and Cu promoters increased the reduction rate of Fe2O3 by providing H2 dissociation sites. The unpromoted and promoted catalysts were tested, where the promoted catalyst showed desirable performance.

In this paper, a batch HYDROGENATION reactor performance was modeled using a hydrodynamic and reaction sub-models. The reaction expressions were obtained from the information reported in literature. Experimental studies were conducted in order to generate the experimental data needed to validate the model. The comparison between the experimental data and model predictions seems quite satisfactory considering the hydrodynamic limitations and simplifications made on the reaction scheme. The results of this study could be considered as framework in developing new process equipment and also soya oil product design for new applications.

In acetylene HYDROGENATION reactors, in order to ensure complete acetylene removal, the reaction is designed to reach complete in only port of the catalyst bed. This assures clean reaction product under circumstances of higher acetylene in feed. In the present model a 70 percent active reaction section is proposed. The effect of CO in increasing selectively factor, providing a kind of process stability and also its effect on reaction dynamics is studied. Hydrogen to acetylene mole ratio of 1.5 to 2.0 and CO content of 2 to 4 PPM is also suggested.